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Yarrowia lipolytica, as an important oleaginous yeast, has been widely used in metabolic engineering. Y. lipolytica is considered as an ideal host for the production of natural products such as terpenes, polyketides and flavonoids, due to its ability to utilize a variety of hydrophobic substrates, high stress tolerance to acid and salt, high flux of tricarboxylic acid cycle and the ability in providing abundant the common precursor acetyl-CoA. Recently, more and more tools for genetic editing, gene expression and regulation has been developed in Y. lipolytica, which facilitate the metabolic engineering of Y. lipolytica for bio-manufacturing. In this review, we summarized the recent progresses in developing gene expression and natural product synthesis in Y. lipolytica, and also discussed the challenges and possible solutions in heterologous synthesis of natural products in this yeast.
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Biological Products/metabolism , Gene Editing , Metabolic Engineering , Polyketides/metabolism , Yarrowia/metabolismABSTRACT
Objective To analyze the factors that influence screw penetration after plating for proximal humerus fractures of Neer two-or three-part.Methods We reviewed the patients with proximal humerus fracture of Neer types Ⅱ & Ⅲ who had been treated from January 2006 to June 2017.The data were documented regarding gender,age,Neer classification,osteoporosis,surgical procedure,cephalic screw number,type of medial support and screw penetration.They were divided into 2 groups according to the presence or absence of screw penetration.x2 test and independent samples t test were used with software IBM SPSS 22.0.The multivariate logistic regression was used to identify the independent risk factors when there were two or more statistically significant factors.The two-side test was used and significance was set to P ＜ 0.05.Results Altogether 78 patients were included in our analysis,including 27 males (34.62％) and 51 females (65.38％) with an average age of 57.41 years (from 18 to 85 years).Their average follow-up time was 7.7 months (from 3 to 24 months).There were 54 Neer two-part fractures (69.23％) and 24 Neer three-part ones (30.77％).Screw penetration was observed in 18 patients (23.08％) but not in the other 60 ones (76.92％).The x2 test and independent samples t test revealed that screw penetration was significantly associated with gender (P =0.003),osteoporosis (P =0.003) and cephalic screw number (P =0.003) but not with age (P =0.256),Neer classification(P =0.754),surgical procedure((P =0.308) or type of medial support (P =0.186).The multivariate logistic regression revealed that osteoporosis (P =0.027) and cephalic screw number (P =0.026) were independent risk factors for screw penetration.Conclusions After plating for proximal humerus fractures of Neer two-or three-part,the patients with osteoporosis and those receiving more than 5 cephalic screws may face a higher risk of screw penetration than those without osteoporosis and those receiving 4 cephalic screws.
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Objective To analyze the iatrogenic fractures following treatment of type 12-A humeral shaft fractures with antegrade intramedullary nails. Methods We reviewed the patients who had been treated with antegrade intramedullary nails for type 12-A humeral shaft fracture from October 2006 to March 2017. They were 13 males and 13 females with an age range from 22 to 76 years and an average age of 44. 5 years. Six of them were complicated with other fractures or radial nerve injury. We divided the patients into an iatrogenic fracture ( IF ) group and a non-iatrogenic fracture ( NIF ) group and compared gender, age, fracture type, reaming and nonunion between the 2 groups. Results The follow-up time for the 26 patients ranged from 13 to 182 weeks ( 63. 8 weeks on average ) . Of them, 7 suffered iatrogenic fracture and 4 nonunion. The union time for the other 22 patients ranged from 9 to 29 weeks ( 14. 6 weeks on average ) . All the 7 patients in the iatrogenic fracture group were treated with reaming while only 9 of the 19 patients in the non-iatrogenic fracture group were treated with reaming. Nonunion occurred in 3 patients in the iatrogenic fracture group but in only one patient in the non-iatrogenic fracture group. All the above comparisons were statistically significant between the 2 groups ( P < 0. 05 ) but there were no significant differences in comparisons between the 2 groups regarding gender, age, nail diameter, fracture type, way of locking proximal and distal screws or rate of secondary surgery ( P > 0. 05 ) . Conclusions Antegrade intramedullary nailing may cause an iatro-genic fracture in the treatment of type12-A humeral shaft fractures. The iatrogenic fracture may affect fracture union. Intraoperative reaming may be the risk factor for the iatrogenic fracture.
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BACKGROUND:Conventional dynamic hip screw or artificial joint replacement can be used to treat unstable intertrochanteric fracture in aged patients. It remains unclear whether we should select one-stage replacement or remedial joint replacement after failture, and there is no unified standard globaly. OBJECTIVE: To observe the outcomes and prognosis of one-stage artificial joint replacement for unstable intertrochanteric fracture in aged patients. METHODS:From April 2008 to October 2011, 21 patients with unstable intertrochanteric fracture in aged patients were repaired with one-stage artificial joint replacement at the Second Department of Orthopedics, Changji Prefecture People’s Hospital. Among 21 patients, 1 patient previously combined with avascular necrosis of the femoral head and traumatic arthritis received biological artificial total hip replacement. Three cases were subjected to standard bone cement bipolar artificial femoral head replacement. 17 cases underwent biological bipolar artificial femoral head prosthesis replacement. Al artificial joint, internal fixation material and accessory joint replacement surgical instruments were purchased outside China. Al patients were folowed up regularly. Hip joint function was assessed by Harris hip score. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Al operations were completed by the same group of physicians. Operation time was 30-60 minutes, averagely 42 minutes. Incision length was 8 to 15 cm, averagely 11 cm. Average intraoperative blood loss was 50-300 mL, averagely 150 mL. The number of transfusion cases was 13. 1.5 U blood was transfused averagely in each patient during hospital stay. One 76-year-old patient combined with hypertension, coronary heart disease and diabetes suffered from sudden death due to acute myocardial infarction at 9 days after replacement. B ultrasound revealed venous thrombosis of calf muscle of double lower extremities at 3 days after replacement. No complications such as prosthetic loosening, sinking, infections and thrombosis were detected. Except 1 case died, the other 20 cases received folow-up for 6-49 months. Harris hip score was 73±4 before discharge and 82±6 during last folow-up. These data confirm that effects of one-stage artificial joint replacement for unstable intertrochanteric fracture in aged patients are affirmative, but the number of case is stil less, and deserves further investigations. We suggest that in patients with conformed indication, one-stage artificial joint replacement can be the first choice.
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Objective To investigate the effect of the prescription of Yiqiyangyin Huoxuehuayu on the mice model with viral dilated cardiomyopathy by examining the levels of serum ?-IFN.Methods Replicated the animal models of early viral dilated cardiomyopathy by injecting the CVB3m virus to the peritoneal cavity of the Balb/c mice.Two hundred and ten Balb/c mice were divided into 4 groups at random:blank group,model group,high and low dose traditional Chinese medicine group.The blank group has 30 mice.The other three group has 60 mice each.The mice of high dose traditional Chinese medicine group and low dose traditional Chinese medicine group were treated with the prescription of Yiqiyangyin Huoxuehuayu.The change of pathomorphology in the cardiac muscle tissue,the rate of death,the weight change and the cardiac weight index were observed after 4 weeks of the treatment.At the same time,ELISA method was used to exam the levels of serum ?-IFN.Results The prescription of Yiqiyangyin Huoxuehuayu can induce the expression of serum ?-IFN in the mice with viral dilated cardiomyopathy.The mean level of serum ?-IFN of the high dose traditional Chinese medicine group and low dose traditional Chinese medicine group were significantly higher than that of the model group.Conclusions The prescription of Yiqiyangyin Huoxuehuayu can inhibit the viral replication and regulate the immunologic function.